In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors are “backward” but ...

This file type includes high-resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. 1. In the circuit for the 1 mA two-terminal current source, the leftmost PNP transistor (Q4) is a "bolt-on" to harvest ...

Ever since the development of the first working transistors in 1947, the electronics industry has experienced tremendous growth in numerous ways. For instance, transistors allowed for the ...

A transistor tester can be a handy addition to your electronics workbench. This versatile transistor tester design, first presented a decade ago, enables you to quickly assess the functionality of NPN ...

Need to switch something on or off using a microcontroller? Using a transistor is one of the best ways to do this, but how exactly do you design properly for transistor switching? [Ben Krasnow] put ...